Trusts can be classified based on when they take effect, how much control the grantor retains, and the purpose they serve. The main types include revocable and irrevocable trusts, as well as living and testamentary trusts.
Each type is designed to meet specific goals like wealth preservation, asset protection, or estate planning, depending on your needs and legal jurisdiction.
If you are looking to invest as an expat or high-net-worth individual, you can email me (hello@adamfayed.com) or WhatsApp (+44-7393-450-837).
This includes if you are looking for a free expat portfolio review service to optimize your investments and identify growth prospects.
Some facts might change from the time of writing. Nothing written here is financial, legal, tax, or any kind of individual advice or a solicitation to invest. Nor is it a product or service recommendation.
Understanding the distinctions between trust types is essential for choosing the right tool for a particular situation.
This article outlines the most common categories of trusts and their practical use cases, providing a framework for identifying which type may suit a given family, individual, or business context.
Classification of Trusts
Trusts can be classified in several overlapping ways, depending on their structure, timing, jurisdiction, and purpose. These classifications help determine not only how a trust is administered but also its legal recognition and tax treatment in different countries.
By legal structure
- Revocable vs. irrevocable: A revocable trust can be altered or terminated by the settlor during their lifetime. An irrevocable trust, once established, generally cannot be changed without the consent of the beneficiaries or a court.
- Discretionary vs. fixed: In discretionary trusts, the trustee has full authority over how and when to distribute assets to beneficiaries. In fixed trusts, beneficiaries have clearly defined rights to income or capital.
- Bare vs. complex: A bare trust is a simple arrangement where the trustee holds assets on behalf of a beneficiary who has full control. Complex trusts may involve multiple beneficiaries, conditions, and varied distribution powers.
By timing
- Inter vivos (living) trusts: Established during the settlor’s lifetime, often for asset protection, tax planning, or business succession.
- Testamentary trusts: Created upon the settlor’s death through a will. These are subject to probate and take effect only after the estate is settled.
By jurisdiction
- Onshore trusts: Governed by the laws of the settlor’s home country and typically used for domestic estate planning.
- Offshore trusts: Formed in foreign jurisdictions, often with favorable tax or asset protection laws. Useful for international families or cross-border asset holding.
By function
Trusts are also categorized by their primary use, including:
- Family wealth management
- Charitable giving
- Asset protection from legal or financial risk
- Business succession and continuity
- Long-term support for dependents with special needs
- Holding real estate or investment portfolios
These categories are not mutually exclusive. A single trust may, for example, be both discretionary and irrevocable, or offshore and inter vivos. The specific design depends on the settlor’s objectives, the beneficiaries’ needs, and the applicable legal and tax frameworks.
Different Types of Trusts and Their Purpose
Trusts vary significantly in how they distribute benefits, how much control the settlor or trustee retains, and what legal or tax objectives they serve. Common types include discretionary, fixed, revocable, irrevocable, and testamentary trusts.
Discretionary Trust
A discretionary trust gives the trustee full control over how, when, and to whom distributions are made among a class of beneficiaries.
The trust deed typically names potential beneficiaries but gives no fixed entitlement to any individual. Trustees are empowered to make distribution decisions based on factors such as financial need, age, or personal circumstances.
Key feature: No beneficiary has a guaranteed right to income or capital.
Use cases:
- Managing family wealth where future needs are uncertain
- Providing flexibility in blended families or volatile family dynamics
- Protecting assets from beneficiary creditors or spouses in divorce
- Enabling tax planning through income allocation
Fixed Trust
In a fixed trust, the beneficiaries have clearly defined rights. An interest-in-possession trust grants one or more beneficiaries the right to receive income from the trust assets (e.g., rental income or dividends), with capital passing to others at a later date.
Key feature: Trustees have no discretion over distribution, and rights are defined and enforceable.
Use cases:
- Ensuring predictable income for a spouse or dependent
- Satisfying legal obligations (e.g., maintenance payments)
- Structuring pooled investment funds or real estate holdings
- Limiting trustee power where legal certainty is required
Revocable Trust
A revocable trust, sometimes called a living trust (particularly in US usage), allows the settlor to modify or terminate the trust during their lifetime. The settlor often retains substantial control, including acting as trustee. Upon death, the trust becomes irrevocable and governs asset distribution.
Key feature: Full settlor control during life; bypasses probate at death.
Use cases:
- Streamlining estate administration without court probate
- Centralizing asset management for incapacitated individuals
- Allowing flexibility to update beneficiaries or terms during life
- Consolidating control of assets in US-centric estate plans
Irrevocable Trust
An irrevocable trust cannot be amended or terminated by the settlor once created (except under specific legal mechanisms). The settlor relinquishes ownership and control, which may help achieve legal separation of assets.
Key feature: Assets are permanently removed from the settlor’s estate and legal reach.
Use cases:
- Shielding assets from future creditors or legal claims
- Reducing estate or inheritance tax exposure
- Long-term family legacy planning across generations
- Establishing dynastic structures in jurisdictions with favorable tax rules
Testamentary Trust
This trust is created under a will and only comes into effect upon the settlor’s death. The assets are subject to probate and distributed into the trust per the testator’s instructions.
Key feature: Activated by death; governed by the will and court oversight.
Use cases:
- Providing ongoing support to minors or dependents post-mortem
- Managing complex estates where a single distribution is inappropriate
- Ensuring post-death control over asset usage
- Combining with charitable or tax-efficient bequests
Bare Trust
In a bare trust, the trustee holds assets in name only and must act strictly on the instructions of the beneficiary, who is usually absolutely entitled to both income and capital.
Key feature: The trustee has no discretion; the beneficiary has full control once of legal age.
Use cases:
- Holding assets for minors until they reach maturity
- Nominee arrangements for property or shares
- Simplified tax treatment where the beneficiary is taxed directly
- Transparent legal holding structures in corporate or investment settings
Asset Protection Trust (APT)
Designed to protect assets from future legal claims, APTs are often irrevocable and settled in jurisdictions with strong protective laws (e.g., Cook Islands, Nevis, Belize). They often include spendthrift clauses or trustee discretion to limit creditor access.
Key feature: Enhanced legal shielding from lawsuits, bankruptcy, or divorce.
Use cases:
- Professionals or entrepreneurs in high-liability sectors
- Pre-marital asset separation
- Political risk or unstable domestic legal systems
- Long-term asset preservation for future generations
Charitable Trust
A trust established for recognized charitable purposes, often governed by a charity commission or public body. It may provide tax-exempt status for income and donations, depending on local laws.
Key feature: Must serve the public interest; no private beneficiaries.
Use cases:
- Establishing a family foundation
- Supporting specific causes through long-term funding
- Gifting highly appreciated assets tax-efficiently
- Creating a legacy beyond family inheritance
Purpose Trust
Unlike most trusts, which benefit individuals, a purpose trust is designed to fulfill a specific non-charitable or charitable aim, often without direct beneficiaries. These are often used in niche planning contexts.
Key feature: No named beneficiaries; established to serve a specific legal or operational function.
Use cases:
- Holding corporate shares for succession continuity
- Maintaining family heirlooms, estates, or heritage assets
- Supporting religious, educational, or philosophical objectives
- Offshore trust structures involving private trust companies or SPVs
Choosing the Right Trust
Key considerations when choosing a trust include:
- Purpose and goals
Whether the priority is protecting assets, reducing taxes, supporting family members, or creating a charitable legacy will heavily influence the type of trust selected. For example, a discretionary trust may suit intergenerational flexibility, while a fixed trust is better for guaranteed income provision. - Jurisdictional factors
Not all trusts are recognized or treated equally across countries. Civil law jurisdictions may not enforce trust provisions reliably, and some tax systems (such as Australia or France) apply punitive rules to foreign or discretionary trusts. Trusts must be structured to comply with applicable local laws and reporting obligations. - Tax impact
Tax rules governing trusts differ widely. An offshore trust that offers estate tax protection in one jurisdiction may be considered transparent or taxable in another. Professional tax advice is essential to evaluate how the trust will be treated based on the residence of the settlor, trustees, and beneficiaries. - Control and flexibility
Revocable trusts offer continued control but limited protection. Irrevocable and discretionary trusts provide stronger separation and asset protection, but they require the settlor to relinquish influence. The degree of control a settlor is willing to give up will determine which structures are viable. - Asset type and complexity
Real estate, businesses, investment portfolios, or intellectual property may each require tailored trust terms and trustee capabilities. Trusts can also be layered with other vehicles (e.g., companies or foundations) depending on the scale and structure of the estate. - Beneficiary profile
Factors such as age, vulnerability, location, and financial literacy of beneficiaries will affect whether a discretionary, fixed, or special needs trust is more suitable. For example, long-term care planning for a disabled child may call for a special needs trust, while a high-value legacy for mature heirs might justify a more flexible structure. - Administration and cost
Trusts involve ongoing responsibilities for trustees, including legal compliance, investment oversight, reporting, and tax filings. Costs vary depending on the trust’s jurisdiction, structure, and asset composition. The expected benefit must justify the operational burden.
Ultimately, choosing the right trust is a bespoke process requiring legal, tax, and financial advice. It should reflect both the settlor’s intentions and the practical realities of implementation.
Pained by financial indecision?
Adam is an internationally recognised author on financial matters with over 830million answer views on Quora, a widely sold book on Amazon, and a contributor on Forbes.
