Is the E-2 Visa Right for You? Investment, Eligibility & Green Card Options

The E-2 visa offers a flexible route for entrepreneurs and investors from treaty countries to live and work in the United States by building or buying a qualifying business.

With lower investment thresholds than immigrant visa options, the E-2 is especially popular among globally mobile professionals seeking US market access without committing to permanent residency upfront.

In this article, we’ll explore:

• Who is eligible for E-2 visa?
• What are the benefits of an E-2 visa in the US?
• Which countries are eligible for an E2 visa?
• How much investment is required for a US E2 visa?
• What is the current wait time for an E2 visa?
• What is the difference between E2 and EB-5 visa?

If you are looking to invest as an expat or high-net-worth individual, which is what I specialize in, you can email me (hello@adamfayed.com) or WhatsApp (+44-7393-450-837).

This includes if you are looking for a free expat portfolio review service to optimize your investments and identify growth prospects.

Some facts might change from the time of writing. Nothing written here is financial, legal, tax, or any kind of individual advice, nor is it a solicitation to invest or a recommendation of any specific product or service.

What Is E2 Visa in USA?

The E-2 visa is a non-immigrant visa that allows nationals of certain treaty countries to live and work in the United States by making a substantial investment in a US-based business.

Unlike immigrant visas, it does not lead directly to permanent residency, but it offers a flexible and renewable way to operate a business in the US legally.

Created under the US Immigration and Nationality Act, the E-2 visa is based on treaties of commerce and navigation between the US and specific foreign nations.

Key Features

The initial duration of an E-2 visa varies by country, typically ranging from 3 months to 5 years, but it is indefinitely renewable as long as the underlying business remains operational and meets E-2 criteria.

• You must work only in the enterprise tied to your E-2 visa.
• The visa can be renewed repeatedly without a maximum number of extensions.
• Travel in and out of the US is allowed, but maintaining intent to depart when the visa ends is essential.

What are the benefits of a US E2 visa?

The primary goal of the E-2 visa is to encourage foreign investment that benefits the US economy.

For entrepreneurs, it provides an opportunity to launch or expand operations in the American market.

Key benefits include:

• Ability to work legally in the business you’ve invested in
• Spouse eligible for work authorization
• Children under 21 can attend US schools
• No fixed upper investment limit, allowing for a range of business sizes

E-2 Visa Countries: Who Can Apply?

The E-2 visa is only available to nationals of countries like Japan and Australia that maintain a qualifying treaty of commerce and navigation with the United States.

Citizenship is a key factor (not residency) in determining eligibility.

As of 2025, more than 80 countries have signed E-2 treaties with the US. These include:

• Major countries like Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom
• Other treaty nations such as Australia, Canada, Turkey, South Korea, and Taiwan
• Lesser-known eligible countries like Grenada, Montenegro, and Jordan

The exact terms (like visa validity period and number of entries) vary depending on the specific treaty between the US and each country.

Citizenship-Based Eligibility

To apply for an E-2 visa, the investor must hold a passport from a treaty country. In addition:

• At least 50% ownership of the US business must be held by nationals of the same treaty country
• The applicant must be coming to the US to develop and direct the investment enterprise
• Dual nationals must apply under the passport of the treaty country

Alternatives for Non-Treaty Nationals

Nationals from countries like China, India, Russia, and Brazil, which do not have E-2 treaties with the US, are not directly eligible. However, one workaround is obtaining a second passport from a treaty country through a Citizenship by Investment (CBI) program.

Popular option includes Turkey which also offers CBI program with E-2 treaty benefits.

While legal and feasible, this indirect route requires careful planning and compliance with both US and second-country laws.

E-2 Visa Minimum Investment Requirements

Unlike the EB-5 visa, the E-2 visa does not have a fixed minimum investment amount.

Instead, the law requires a substantial investment relative to the cost of the business.

The emphasis is on the proportionality and the investor’s level of financial commitment rather than a specific dollar figure.

General Investment Threshold Expectations

In practice, most successful E-2 visa applicants invest between $100,000 and $300,000, though smaller investments (e.g., $60,000–$80,000) may be accepted for low-overhead businesses like consulting or online services.

The investment amount must be sufficient to:

• Launch or buy an active, for-profit US business
• Cover operational expenses until the business becomes self-sustaining
• Show genuine financial commitment and readiness to start operations

USCIS and consular officers assess whether the investment is substantial using the proportionality test:

• The smaller the cost of the business, the higher the percentage of investment expected
• For example, investing $100,000 into a $120,000 business is seen as more substantial than investing the same amount in a $500,000 venture.
  The investment must also be “at risk”, meaning the funds are committed and subject to partial or total loss based on business performance.

To qualify for an E-2 visa:

• The investment must be in an active commercial enterprise (e.g., retail, hospitality, services, manufacturing)
• Passive investments like buying stocks, bonds, or undeveloped land do not qualify
• The applicant must play an active role in directing or developing the business

Simply put, E-2 investors must engage in real business operations, not park money in idle assets.

E-2 Visa Investment Examples

A wide range of businesses like e-commerce firms can qualify, as long as they are active, for-profit enterprises and the investor meets the substantiality and operational control requirements.

Below are some common examples of businesses and how E-2 investment capital is typically structured.

• Franchises: Coffee shops, fitness studios, tutoring centers, fast-casual dining
• Tech Startups: SaaS platforms, app development firms, e-commerce services
• Retail & Hospitality: Boutiques, grocery stores, motels, and small hotels
• Service-Based Ventures: Marketing agencies, logistics firms, IT consulting, cleaning companies

Franchise investments are especially common because they offer a turnkey model with established branding, operations support, and proven market demand.

What Counts Toward the Investment

Examples of valid expenditures include:

• Business acquisition or franchise fees
• Office or retail space rent and equipment
• Inventory, machinery, software licenses
• Marketing and branding costs
• Legal and professional services for business setup

Personal expenses (e.g., housing, travel, or non-business vehicles) do not count toward the investment total.

E2 Visa Processing Time

On average, the E-2 visa process takes 2 to 4 months from initial submission to decision.

That includes:

• Business formation and document preparation: 2–6 weeks
• Visa interview wait times at US consulates: varies by country
• Post-interview visa issuance: 5–10 business days in most cases

Premium processing (15 business days) is available only for change of status filings within the US; not for consular applications abroad.

While it’s generally quicker than other investor visas like the EB-5, several factors influence the timeline including consular workloads, completeness of documentation, and individual case complexity.

Differences Between Consular Processing and Change of Status

• Consular Processing (outside the US): Most common path. Investors apply at a US consulate in their treaty country. The business must already be operational or near launch at time of interview.
• Change of Status (within the US): Available to applicants already in the US on another visa (e.g., B1/B2, F-1). Processed by USCIS with an optional premium service. This grants E-2 status, not an E-2 visa, meaning international travel will require a consular appointment later.

Generally, consular processing is faster and more direct for long-term planning, while change of status offers speed and convenience for in-country investors.

Common causes of delay include:

• Incomplete business plans or weak investment documentation
• Low investment amounts without strong justification
• Delays in business setup (e.g., waiting on permits, leases)
• Backlogs or limited appointment slots at certain US embassies

To improve approval chances and timeline:

• Submit a detailed five-year business plan with projected hiring
• Show funds are irrevocably committed and actively used
• Prepare for interview with clear proof of ownership and business control
• Work with legal counsel familiar with E-2 visa strategy

E-2 Visa Travel Restrictions

Holders of an active E-2 visa can travel in and out of the US freely as long as:

• Their visa is valid at the time of reentry
• They are continuing to operate the E-2 business
• They carry documentation showing ongoing eligibility (e.g., business financials, tax records, lease agreements)

Dependents (spouses and children under 21) are also allowed to travel and reenter, though each must hold their own valid E-2 dependent visa.

Can an E2 Visa Lead to a Green Card?

What Is the Difference Between EB-5 and E-2?

Though both the EB-5 and E-2 visas cater to foreign investors, they differ significantly in terms of investment size, risk exposure, residency benefits, and overall immigration intent.

Choosing the right visa often comes down to your personal goals, nationality, and risk tolerance.

Investment Amount Comparison

• EB-5 Visa: Requires a minimum investment of $800,000 in a Targeted Employment Area (TEA) or $1,050,000 in a non-TEA, with a legal mandate to create at least 10 full-time jobs for US workers.
• E-2 Visa: No fixed minimum, but the investment must be “substantial,” typically ranging from $100,000 to $300,000, depending on the business type. There is no formal job creation requirement, though viable, operational businesses are expected.

Risk Levels, Processing Time, and Permanent Residency Outcomes

• Risk Levels:
  • EB-5 projects may carry higher capital risk, particularly in regional centers, as repayment depends on long-term project success.
  • E-2 investments are directly managed by the investor, offering more control but also requiring active involvement.
• Processing Time:
  • EB-5 has a longer wait, often 2 to 5 years, especially for applicants from backlogged countries.
  • E-2 processing is faster, usually a few weeks to a few months, and can often be done at a consulate.
• Residency Outcomes:
  • EB-5 is a direct path to a green card and US permanent residency.
  • E-2 is a non-immigrant visa and does not lead to a green card on its own, though it can be renewed indefinitely.

Suitable Investor Profiles for Each

• EB-5 is better for:
  • High-net-worth individuals looking for permanent US residency.
  • Passive investors willing to commit a larger amount without hands-on business involvement.
  • Nationals from non-E-2 treaty countries seeking a direct immigration path.
• E-2 is ideal for:
  • Entrepreneurs and small business owners who want to actively manage a business in the US.
  • Nationals of E-2 treaty countries looking for a lower-cost, faster route to live and work in the US.
  • Individuals planning a long-term stay without immediate green card goals.

Understanding these differences is key to selecting the most appropriate visa strategy for your immigration and investment goals.

Conclusion

Choosing the E-2 visa comes down to aligning your investment goals with the visa’s limitations and opportunities.

If you value mobility, operational control, and a relatively fast route into the US market—with the option to explore green card strategies later—it may be the right fit.

But it’s not a direct path to permanence, and that trade-off matters.

Pained by financial indecision?

Adam is an internationally recognised author on financial matters with over 830million answer views on Quora, a widely sold book on Amazon, and a contributor on Forbes.