Living off investments means reaching a point where your passive income typically from dividends, interest, and capital gains is enough to cover all your living expenses without relying on employment or business income.
For many, this is the ultimate goal of financial independence: the freedom to choose how to spend your time without the pressure of earning a paycheck.
This goal is achievable, but it requires careful planning, a disciplined approach to saving and investing, and a deep understanding of how your lifestyle, risk profile, and financial obligations will evolve over time.
But how much money do you need to live off investments, exactly?
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There’s no one-size-fits-all number. The amount you need depends on your annual spending, investment returns, time horizon, and other variables such as inflation, tax treatment, and location, as this article will explain.
What is the 4 Percent Rule to Live Off Investments?
One of the most commonly cited guidelines for determining how much money you need to live off investments is the 4% rule.
The rule states that if you withdraw 4% of your investment portfolio annually, adjusted for inflation, your savings should last at least 30 years based on historical US stock and bond performance.
It comes from a 1990s study by financial planner William Bengen and was later popularized by the Trinity Study.
To apply the rule, simply multiply your desired annual expenses by 25. For example:
- If you need $40,000 per year: $40,000 × 25 = $1,000,000
- If you want $100,000 per year: $100,000 × 25 = $2,500,000
This 25x multiplier is based on the idea that withdrawing 4% each year from a diversified portfolio will not deplete the principal over a typical retirement period.
It assumes a balanced portfolio (e.g., 60% stocks, 40% bonds), consistent returns, and average inflation.
However, the 4% rule has limitations. It’s based on US-centric data and historical returns that may not hold in future global markets.
It also assumes a fixed spending pattern and doesn’t account for taxes, healthcare costs, or unexpected expenses.
For expats or individuals with non-US investments, currency fluctuations and different tax regimes can also affect sustainability.
While it remains a useful starting point, most investors, especially those planning for longer retirements or volatile conditions, prefer to be more conservative, using withdrawal rates closer to 3.5% or 3%.
In short, the 4% rule helps set a benchmark for financial independence, but it should be adapted to your personal risk tolerance, investment strategy, and long-term goals.
How to Calculate Your Financial Independence Number
To determine how much money you need to live entirely off investment income, you must first calculate your Financial Independence Number, or the total value of investments required to support your desired annual lifestyle indefinitely or for a set period (such as 30–40 years).
The standard formula is:
Annual Expenses ÷ Safe Withdrawal Rate = Financial Independence Number
For example:
- If you need $40,000 annually and use a 4% withdrawal rate:
$40,000 ÷ 0.04 = $1,000,000 - If you plan to spend $75,000 annually at a more conservative 3.5% rate:
$75,000 ÷ 0.035 = $2,142,857 - A luxurious lifestyle with $150,000 in annual needs at 3%:
$150,000 ÷ 0.03 = $5,000,000
This method provides a benchmark but should be adjusted for:
- Inflation: Even a modest inflation rate of 2–3% can dramatically erode purchasing power over decades. Future needs should be calculated in real (inflation-adjusted) terms.
- Taxes: Account for income, capital gains, and withholding taxes based on your country of residence.
- Longevity: Many investors now plan for 35–40 year retirements, especially those aiming for early retirement.
- Flexibility: Spending may decrease (or increase) with age. Building flexibility into your plan, such as a buffer for healthcare costs or market downturns, is wise.
Advanced calculators or financial planning software can integrate these variables, giving a more accurate projection.
For expats, factoring in fluctuating currency exchange rates and jurisdictional tax rules is especially important.
What to Consider When Calculating How Much You Need
How much you need to live off investments is shaped by multiple interrelated factors beyond just expenses and returns. Key factors like location, lifestyle, taxes, and longevity all play a critical role.
Here are the most important ones:
Geographic Location
Your cost of living can vary dramatically depending on where you reside. Living in Southeast Asia or parts of Eastern Europe could cost half as much as life in major Western cities.
Expats must also factor in relocation costs, legal residency requirements, and healthcare availability.
Healthcare and Insurance
Medical costs in retirement can be unpredictable. In countries without universal coverage, insurance premiums and out-of-pocket payments can be a major ongoing expense.
Expats may also need international health insurance, which is typically more expensive but offers broader coverage.
Lifestyle Choices
Your desired quality of life is perhaps the biggest variable. Someone who travels frequently or enjoys high-end living will require far more capital than someone with a minimalist or location-independent lifestyle.
Your consumption pattern whether modest, moderate, or luxury should drive your number.
Taxation
Tax laws vary by country and can significantly affect how much you can withdraw. Investment income may be taxed as dividends, interest, or capital gains, depending on local rules.
Expats also face complex interactions between home-country and host-country tax regimes. Using tax treaties or restructuring portfolios to minimize tax drag is crucial.
Investment Performance
Projected returns influence how much principal you’ll need. If you expect conservative returns (e.g., 3–4% net), your required capital will be higher than if you target 6–7%.
However, more aggressive assumptions come with greater risk, and downturns early in retirement (known as sequence-of-returns risk) can be especially damaging.
Longevity and Life Expectancy
Planning to live 25 years in retirement is no longer adequate as advancements in healthcare, medicine, and nutrition have significantly increased our lifespans. Many individuals now need to plan for 30–40 years of withdrawals, especially if retiring early.
This longer time frame increases the required savings and demands more conservative investment planning. This is also to mitigate the risk of outliving one’s savings.
Best Investments to Live Off of
The best investments to live off of are those that generate reliable income, preserve capital, and align with your risk tolerance. These typically include dividend stocks, bonds, REITs, and diversified portfolios designed for long-term withdrawals.
Choosing the right portfolio is key to sustaining yourself through investment income. A well-designed portfolio must generate enough returns to cover expenses while also managing risk and preserving capital over the long term.
There are several strategies investors can adopt:
Income-Focused Portfolios
These prioritize consistent cash flow through:
- Dividend-paying stocks (e.g., utilities, consumer staples, blue-chip companies)
- Bonds (government and corporate)
- REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts offering rental-based dividends)
- Preferred shares and fixed-income ETFs
These portfolios are attractive for those who want predictable income, but they may lack growth potential and can be sensitive to interest rate changes.
Total Return Portfolios
Rather than focusing solely on income, total return portfolios combine capital appreciation and income generation, rebalancing as needed to support regular withdrawals. They typically include:
- A globally diversified mix of equities and bonds
- Exposure to growth sectors and index funds
- Real estate and alternative assets
This approach allows for more flexibility in asset allocation and can better withstand market fluctuations over decades.
Diversified Asset Allocation
A balanced portfolio typically includes:
- Equities for long-term growth
- Bonds for stability and income
- Cash or short-term instruments for liquidity
- Real assets like property or infrastructure for inflation protection
For expats and HNWIs, offshore structures, multicurrency accounts, and tax-advantaged vehicles (like retirement or trust structures) may be used to build globally diversified portfolios with strategic risk exposure and tax efficiency.
Liquidity and Rebalancing
A portion of the portfolio should be liquid enough to cover at least 1–2 years of expenses.
This “cash bucket” acts as a cushion during downturns. Rebalancing annually helps ensure the portfolio maintains its target risk level and doesn’t overexpose you to volatile asset classes.
4% Rule Alternatives
While the 4% rule is a helpful baseline, it’s not universally applicable, especially for those outside the US or those retiring early. Several alternative strategies exist:
Dynamic Withdrawal Strategies
Instead of fixed annual withdrawals, some strategies adjust withdrawals based on market performance or inflation.
For example, you may withdraw more in good years and scale back during downturns. This reduces the risk of depleting your portfolio prematurely.
The Bucket Strategy for Retirement
This approach separates your investments into different “buckets” based on time horizons:
- Short-term bucket (0–2 years): Cash and money market funds
- Medium-term bucket (3–7 years): Bonds and income-generating assets
- Long-term bucket (8+ years): Equities and growth assets
By drawing from safer buckets during bear markets, you avoid selling volatile assets at a loss.
Income-Only Approach
Some investors live only off dividends, bond interest, and rental income. This method preserves principal but can limit lifestyle flexibility, especially if income sources are uneven or decline.
Guaranteed Income Products
Annuities or other insurance-based products can offer stable, lifelong income. While they lack growth potential and may come with fees or illiquidity, they’re appealing for conservative investors looking for predictability.
Barbell Strategy Fixed Income
This involves combining two extremes: very safe assets (like cash or T-bills) and very risky ones (like growth stocks or private equity).
The goal is to preserve capital on one end while pursuing higher returns on the other, without relying on moderate-return assets.
Each alternative has trade-offs between safety, growth, and complexity. Investors should select a strategy that aligns with their risk tolerance, income needs, and long-term goals.
For expats and HNWIs, these strategies can also be tailored through trust structures, insurance wrappers, and multicurrency planning tools.
Pained by financial indecision?
Adam is an internationally recognised author on financial matters with over 830million answer views on Quora, a widely sold book on Amazon, and a contributor on Forbes.
